Airport Planning

                             AIRPORT PLANNING

AIRPORT PLANNING

A number of airports in the world, but often a time question occur in mind what are airport, how we can define the airport and what methodology to plan airport. After all the main question is when we make the airport how we can manage and control the huge system.

First, I discuss about the airport planning.

Airport planning is a systematic process used to establish guidelines for the efficient development of Airports that is consistent with local, state and national goals. On the other hand, Airport planning may be defined as the employment of an organized strategy for the future management of airport operations, facilities designs, airfield configurations, financial allocations and revenues, environmental impacts, and organizational structures.

Airport Management are handed the responsibility of strategically planning for a coordinated system of Airports to meet the future needs of the travelling public.

when we make a plan of airport study so this time question occurs what are the things who plan, maybe facilities providing planning, for facilitate the airport need a finance may be plan and think about the finance/balance sheet, when we take a decision to spent a huge finance first of  all see the environment or environment analysis or what types of environment provide maybe environmental Planning, when we make a plan and take a decision of making a airport its understood made a organization plan and to run these structure organization makes a different types of strategies.

When we see all these things reach at this point minimum six major types of airport planning studies.

Further discuss about all these types of Airport Planning.

Facilities Planning

Facilities planning which focuses on future needs for Airfield infrastructure such as Runways, Taxiways, Aircraft parking facilities, associated lighting, communication & navigation systems, terminal buildings/ facilities, parking lots, ground access infrastructure, & support facilities, and non-aeronautical land uses (office parks, hotels, restaurants, or rental car locations).

Financial Planning

 Financial planning, which is concerned with predicting future revenues and expenses, budgeting resources, and planning for financial assistance through grant programs, bond issues, or private investment.

Economic Planning

Economic planning, which considers the future of economic activity, such as trade & commerce, & activity of industries that exist on Airport & off-Airport property and are either a direct or indirect result of A/P operations.

Environmental Planning

Environmental planning, which concentrates on maintaining or improving existing environmental conditions in the face of changes in future airport activity. Environmental planning includes land use planning, noise mitigation, wetland reclamation, and wildlife preservation.

Organizational Planning

Organizational planning, which involve the management of future labour requirements and organizational structures for the A/P admin, staff, & associated labour force.

Strategic planning

It encompasses all other planning activities into a coordinated effort to maximize the future potential of the A/P to the community.

DEFINING THE PLANNING HORIZON

       when we talk about the airport planning first of all must to understand the planning phenomena.Planning of Airport Operations, is defined by the length of time into the future management considers its planning. This length of time into the future is called planning horizon.

 Different planning efforts require different Philosophies. For example, the organizational planning of staffing levels per shift for Airport Operations may require a 3-month PH, but certainly not 20-yr PH. On the other hand, facilities planning of an Airfield (runway construction) requires at least a 5-year PH, and certainly not a PH of less than 1 yr.

Various types of Airport planning studies may be performed on a variety of different levels. Three such levels of planning include.

• ·        SYSTEM PLANNING
• ·        MASTER PLANNING
• ·        PROJECT PLANNING

   Airport system planning is a planning effort that considers a collection of airports on a local/state/regional, or national level, expected to complement each other as part of a coordinated air transportation system.

    Through A/P system planning, the objectives of individual Airport Operations are set in accordance with the needs of the community by setting the mission of each A/P to serve certain segments of the demand for aviation, such as targeting one A/P in a region to handle international commercial air travellers and another A/P to handle primarily smaller general aviation A/C ops.

   Airport master plan is a document that charts the proposed evolution of the A/P to meet future needs. At large commercial service Airports, master planning is a formal & complex process that coordinate large construction projects which is carried out over a period of 20 years.

  At Smaller Airport, master planning might be the responsibility of a few staff members with other responsibilities, who depend on outside consultants for expertise and support. At very small Airports, where capital improvements are minimal, the master plan might be a very simple document, prepared locally with the help of consultants.

Airshows In the world

                                   BAHRAIN AIR SHOW

The second Bahrain International Air show will be held from19 – 21 January 2012, at the Sakhir Air Base, Kingdom of Bahrain.

Bahrain Civil Aviation Affairs (CAA) organizes the show in conjunction with Farnborough International Limited (FIL) and in collaboration with the Kingdom of Bahrain and UK exhibitions organizer.

The inaugural Bahrain International Air show (BIAS), held in January 2010, was a tremendous success, not only for the Kingdom of Bahrain and the global aerospace community, but also particularly for the participating exhibitors, delegations and visitors.

The event hosted 40 exhibitors, 94 aircraft and visiting delegations from 25 countries; resulting in $1bn worth of deals struck over the show is three days.

The 2012 exhibition will display some of the key features of the exhibition; direct chalet and apron front positioning, on-the-spot aircraft demonstrations and customer test-flights and the ability to demonstrate UAS.

 

                                          

                                          


                                          
                                           

    

  

  

  

  

     

   

                                            

Types of Aircraft Engine

                                    Aircraft Engine

A section of an aircraft that develops thrust and incorporates design features advantageous for aircraft propulsion.

 Types of Engine.

• Reciprocating Engine

• Turboprop Engine

• Turbojet Engine

• Ramjet Engine

• Pulse Jet Engine

• Rocket Engine

Airplane

                                           Aircraft

Airplane or aircraft is a vehicle who can fly.

A powered flying vehicle with fixed wing and a weight greater then that of the air.

A vehicle that flies in the air either fixed or rotary wing.

Types of airplane.

Generally airplane divided into five types.

• Commercial transport airplanes. 

• General aviation airplanes.

• Military airplanes.

• Sea planes.

• Special purpose airplanes.

And further categories into

• Single engine airplanes.

• Twin engine airplanes.

• Sports airplanes.

• Cargo planes.

• Turboprop airplanes.

• Business jet airplanes.

Airports Planning & Management (1)

        Airports Planning & Management (Introduction)
 

Outline

·         Airports in the United States / Pakistan —an overview

·         Ownership of airports

·         Measures of activities at airports

·         The national administrative structure of airports

·         The rules that govern airport management

·         Pakistan as ICAO contracting state.

·         Civil Aviation Authority

·         Civil Aviation Legislation

Introduction

1.         It is often said that managing an airport is like being mayor of a city. Similar to a city, an airport is comprised of a huge variety of facilities, systems, users, workers, rules, and regulations. Just as cities thrive on trade and commerce with other cities so are the airports.

In this chapter, the airport system in the United States and Pakistan will be introduced and the ownership of these airports works. After understanding the measure to gauge activities at airport and national administrative structure of airports in Pakistan and USA,  we would dwell upon the rules which govern the airport management. Finally, Civil Aviation Authority and its legislation would be discussed.

 

Airports in the United States / Pakistan —an overview

2.         The United States has the greatest number of airports in the world. More than half the world’s airports and more than two-thirds of the world’s 400 busiest airports are located in the United States. There are approximately 5,400 airports that are open for use to the general public. Of these, approximately 4,150 are equipped with at least one paved and lighted runway.

3.         Pakistan has total of 148 airports. Main airport are 27 which have scheduled service on commercial airlines additionally 20 airports are otherwise used by other agencies. There are 7 airports which are public as well as military besides 3 Private airports and 18 Military Airbases in Pakistan. 91 airports of Pakistan are with paved runways of which 14 have runways longer than 3,047 meters. The remaining 48 airports have unpaved runways including one airport with a runway longer than 3,047 meters. Pakistan also has eighteen heliports.

Ownership of Airports

4.         Of the 5,400 public-use airports in the United States, approximately 4,200 are publicly owned, either by the local municipality, county, state, or by an “authority” made up of municipal, county, and/or state officials. The remaining 1,200 are privately owned, either by individuals, corporations, or private airport management companies. Airports in Pakistan are own by the federal government except three private and few military as well as civil usages are there.

Measures of Activities at Airports

5.         Airports are often described by their levels of activity. The activity, services, and investment levels vary greatly among the nation’s airports. The most common measures used to describe the level of activity at an airport are the number of passengers served, the amount of cargo carried, and the number of operations performed at the airport.

a.         Measuring passenger activity.   The number of passengers served at an airport is typically used to measure the level of activity at airports which predominately serve commercial passengers traveling on the world’s air carriers. Measuring passenger activity provides airport management with information that will allow for the proper planning and management for facilities used by passengers, including passenger terminals, parking garages, gate areas, and concessions.

i.          Enplanements.        The term enplanements (or enplaned passengers) is used to describe the number of passengers that board an aircraft at an airport. Annual enplanements are often used to measure the amount of airport activity, and even evaluate the amount of funding to be provided for improvement projects.

ii.         Deplanements.        The term deplanements (or deplaned passengers) is used to describe the number of passengers that deplane an aircraft at an airport.

iii.        Total Passengers,  The term total passengers is used to describe the number of passengers that either board or deplane an aircraft at an airport.

b.         Measure of cargo Activity.           Cargo activity is typically used to measure the level of activity at airports that handle freight and mail. Airports located near major seaports, railroad hubs, and large metropolitan areas, as well as airports served by the nation’s cargo carriers (such as FedEx and UPS) accommodate thousands of tons of cargo annually.

c.         Measure of Aircraft Operation Activity. The number of aircraft operations is used as a measure of activity at all airports, but is the primary measure of activity at general aviation airports. An aircraft operation is defined as a takeoff or a landing. When an aircraft makes a landing and then immediately takes off again, it is known as a “touch and go” and is counted as two operations. This activity is common at many general aviation airports where there is a significant amount of flight training.

i.          Local Operations.   When an aircraft takes off and lands at an airport without landing at any other airport, the aircraft is said to be performing local operations.

ii.         Itinerant Operation.            An itinerant operation is a flight that takes off from one airport and lands at another.

iii.        Based Aircraft.        Another, albeit, indirect measure of airport activity is identified by the number of aircraft “based” at the airport. A based aircraft is an aircraft that is registered as a “resident” of the airport. Typically, the owner of such an aircraft will pay a monthly or annual fee to park the aircraft at the airport, either outside in a designated aircraft parking area or in an indoor hangar facility. The number of based aircraft is used to indirectly measure activity primarily at smaller airports where private “general” aviation is dominant. At airports that primarily handle the air carriers, relatively few aircraft are actually based.

d.         Operations and based aircraft are measures of activity that influence the planning and management primarily of the airside of airports, such as the planning and management of runways, taxiways, navigational aids, gates, and aircraft parking areas. In general, airport management measure the activity levels of their airports on the basis of all levels of passenger, cargo, operations, and based aircraft activity; virtually all airports, especially the largest airports in the nation, accommodate passengers and cargo, as well as air carrier and private aircraft operations.

The national administrative structure of airports

6.         USA.       All civil-use airports, large and small, in one way or another, utilize the United States’ Civil Aviation System. The civil aviation system is an integral part of the United States’ transportation infrastructure. The administration that oversees civil aviation is the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

7.         Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).            The FAA’s primary mission is to oversee the safety of civil aviation. The FAA is responsible for the rating and certification of pilots and for the certification of airports, particularly those serving commercial air carriers. The FAA operates the nation’s air traffic control system, including most air traffic control towers found at airports, and owns, installs, and maintains visual and electronic navigational aids found on and around airports. In addition, the FAA administers the majority of the rules that govern civil aviation and airport operations, as well as plays a large role in the funding of airports for improvement and expansion.

8.         The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems USA.       Since 1970, the Federal Aviation Administration has recognized a subset of the 5,400 public-use airports in the United States as being vital to serving the public needs for air transportation, either directly or indirectly, and may be made eligible for federal funding to maintain their facilities. The National Airport System Plan (NASP) was the first such plan, which recognized approximately 3,200 such airports. In addition, the NASP categorized these airports on the basis of each airport’s number of annual enplanements and the type of service provided. The NASP categorized airports as being “commercial service airports” if the airport enplaned at least 2,500 passengers annually on commercial air carriers or charter aircraft. Commercial service airports were subcategorized as “air carrier” airports and “commuter” airports, depending on the type of service dominant at a given airport. Airports that enplaned less than 2,500 passengers annually were classified as “general aviation airports.”

9.         National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS).          In 1983, the final year of the NASP, a total of 780 commercial service airports (635 air carrier airports and 145 commuter airports) and 2,423 general aviation airports were recognized under the NASP. With the passage of the Airport and Airway Act of 1982, the FAA was charged with preparing a new version of the NASP, to be called the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS). The NPIAS revised the method of classifying airports, primarily to reflect the extreme growth in annual enplanements that a relative few of the largest airports were experiencing at the time. As of 2002, a total of 3,364 airports in the United States were included in the NPIAS. The categories of airports listed in the NPIAS are; primary commercial service airports, commercial service airports, general aviation airports and reliever airports.

a.         Commercial service airports are those airports that accommodate scheduled air carrier service, provided by the world’s certificated air carriers.

b.         Primary commercial service airports are categorized in the NPIAS as those public-use airports enplaning at least 10,000 passengers annually Because of this wide range of size within the primary commercial service airport category, the NPIAS subcategorizes these airports into “hub” classifications.           It should be noted that the term “hub” used by the FAA in the NPIAS is very different than the term used by the airline industry. Whereas the airline industry uses the term “hub” as an airport where the majority of an airline’s passengers will transfer between flights to reach their ultimate destinations, the FAA defines hub strictly by the number of annual enplaned passengers to use the airport. Furthermore, if there is more than one airport in a standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA), the total number of enplaned passengers of the airports within the SMSA is used to determine the airport’s “hub” classification. The hub classifications used by the FAA in the NPIAS are:  Large hubs, Medium hubs, Small hubs, and Nonhubs.

i.              Large hubs are those airports that account for at least 1 percent of the total annual passenger enplanements in the United States. In 2002, there were 31 large hub airports in the NPIAS. These 31 large hub airports accounted for 70 percent of all passenger enplanements in the United States.

ii.         Medium hubs are those airports that account for at least 0.25 percent but less than 1 percent of the total annual passenger enplanements. In 2002, there were 37 airports classified as medium hubs.

iii.        Small hubs are defined as those airports accommodating greater than 0.05 percent but less than 0.25 percent of annual U.S. enplanements. Seventy-four NPIAS airports were categorized as small hubs.

iii.        Nonhubs.     Nonhubs are those airports that enplane at least 10,000 annual enplanements but less than 0.05 percent of the annual total U.S. enplanements. In 2002, 280 primary commercial service airports fell into the nonhub category.

iv.        Nonprimary Commercial Service Airports.     Airports that handle at least 2,500 but less than 10,000 annual enplanements are categorized as nonprimary commercial service airports, or simply commercial service airports. In 2002, there were 124 nonprimary commercial service airports included in the NPIAS.

c.         General aviation airports. Those airports with fewer than 2,500 annual enplaned passengers and those used exclusively by private business aircraft not providing commercial air carrier passenger service are categorized as general aviation (GA) airports. Similar to commercial service airports, general aviation airports vary widely in their characteristics. Many general aviation airports are small facilities, with typically a single runway long enough to accommodate only small aircraft, and are limited in their facilities. These small airports primarily serve as a base for a few aircraft.

i.          Reliever airports     comprise a special category of general aviation airports. Reliever airports, generally located within a relatively short distance (less than 50 miles) of primary commercial service airports, are specifically designated by the NPIAS as “general aviation-type airports that provide relief to congested major airports.” To be classified as a reliever airport, the airport must have at least 50 aircraft based at the airport or handle at least 25,000 itinerant operations or 35,000 local operations annually, either currently or within the last 2 years. Reliever airports are located within an SMSA with a population of at least 500,000 or where passenger enplanements at the nearest commercial service airport exceed 250,000 annually. As the name suggests, reliever airports are intended to encourage general aviation traffic to use the facility rather than the busier commercial service airport, which may be experiencing delays, by providing facilities of similar quality and convenience to those available at the commercial service airports.

The Rules that Govern Airport Management

10.       USA.   All airports included in the NPIAS are subject to a variety of Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR). FAR’s are found in Title 14 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) (14 CFR—Aeronautics and Space).

a.         Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) The 14 CFR series is made up of over 100 chapters, known as parts, each of which provide regulatory mandates that govern various elements of the civil aviation system, including regulations for pilots, general aviation and commercial flight operations, and, of course, airport operations and management. Within airport management, regulations regarding airport operations, environmental policies, financial policies, administrative policies, airport planning, and other issues of direct concern to airports are covered.

b.         Transportation Security Regulations   In addition to the 14 CFR series, regulations regarding the security of airport and other civil aviation operations are published under Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR—Transportation) and are known as Transportation Security Regulations (TSRs).

c.         Advisory circulars (ACs) To assist airport management and other aviation operations in understanding and applying procedures dictated by federal regulations, the FAA makes available a series of advisory circulars (ACs) associated with each regulation and policies. The advisory circulars specific to airports are compiled into the 150 Series of Advisory Circulars. There are over 100 current and historical advisory circulars in the 150 series available to airport management. Those advisory circulars of particular general interest to airport management are referenced throughout this text.

Pakistan as ICAO Contracting State

11.       The day of 7th December has significance, as it coincides with the date of creation of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in 1944 as a result of the famous Chicago Convention. Incidentally, the United Nations have declared 7th December as the International Civil Aviation day and celebrated as such every year all over the World.

When Pakistan ratified the Convention on International Civil Aviation (the Chicago Convention) on 6^th Nov, 1947 and joined the club of ICAO Contracting state, the state aviation regulations and other Program within regulatory framework and activities had to ensure the discharge of the State‘s obligations under the Chicago Convention.

Civil Aviation Authority

12.       Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority is a Public sector autonomous body working under the Federal Government of Pakistan through the Ministry of Defence. It was established on 7th December, 1982 as an autonomous body. Prior to its creation, a Civil Aviation Department in the Ministry of Defence used to manage the civil aviation related activities.

All kinds of Civil Aviation related activities are performed by CAA including the regulatory, air traffic services, airport management, infrastructure and commercial development at the airports, etc.

Administrative Structure of Civil Aviation

13.       The administrative structure of civil aviation is as shown below

 

Civil Aviation Legislation

14.       The Primary Civil Aviation Legislation is the Civil Aviation Ordinance, 1960 and Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority Ordinance, 1982, which is supplemented by provisions of Civil Aviation Rules 1994 being a secondary legislation.

15.       Parliament of Pakistan has empowered Ministry of Defence (Federal Government) to issue and implement secondary civil aviation legislation. The secondary civil aviation legislation is known as Civil Aviation Rules, 1994 (CARs). PCAA under the provision of Civil Aviation Rules (CARs) issues Regulations, which includes Air Navigation Orders, Airworthiness Notices, Air Safety Circulars, Aeronautical Information Publications and Aeronautical Information Circulars etc.

16.       PCAA provides air navigation services and aerodromes operations in all major civil airports of Pakistan except some small aerodromes which are appropriately licensed under CAR 94.These small aerodromes are owned by private corporations / companies / personnel like Sialkot International Airport (owned by M/S. SIAL).Few military airfields are managed under joint user airfield policy for civil air transport.

17.       PCAA regulatory framework endeavors to provide consistency and compliance with the Annexes of the Chicago Convention within its domestic legislation i.e. Civil Aviation Ordinance, 1960 and Civil Aviation Rules, 1994. This framework ensures sound PCAA regulations conformity to the ICAO Requirements.
 

List of Airports in Pakistan

Airport names shown in bold indicate the 27 Pakistani airports those have scheduled service on commercial airlines.

City	ICAO	IATA	Airport Name	Usage
Civil Airports
Bahawalpur	OPBW	BHV	Bahawalpur Airport	Public
Chitral	OPCH	CJL	Chitral Airport	Public
Dalbandin	OPDB	DBA	Dalbandin Airport	Public
Dera Ghazi Khan	OPDG	DEA	Dera Ghazi Khan International Airport	Public
Dera Ismail Khan	OPDI	DSK	Dera Ismail Khan Airport	Public
Faisalabad	OPFA	LYP	Faisalabad International Airport	Public
Gilgit	OPGT	GIL	Gilgit Airport	Public
Gujrat	OPGJ	GJT	Gujrat Airport	Private
Gwadar	OPGD	GWD	Gwadar International Airport	Public
Hyderabad	OPKD	HDD	Hyderabad Airport	Public
Islamabad / Rawalpindi	OPRN	ISB	Benazir Bhutto International Airport / Chaklala Airbase	Public / Military
Kadanwari		KCF	Kadanwari Airport	Private
Karachi	OPKC	KHI	Jinnah International Airport	Public
Lahore	OPLA	LHE	Allama Iqbal International Airport	Public
Mohenjo-daro	OPMJ	MJD	Moenjodaro Airport	Public
Multan	OPMT	MUX	Multan International Airport	Public
Nawabshah	OPNH	WNS	Nawabshah Airport	Public
Panjgur	OPPG	PJG	Panjgur Airport	Public
Peshawar	OPPS	PEW	Peshawar International Airport	Public
Quetta	OPQT	UET	Quetta International Airport	Public
Rahim Yar Khan	OPRK	RYK	Shaikh Zayed International Airport	Public
Sialkot	OPST	SKT	Sialkot International Airport	Public
Sawan Gas Field	OPSA	RZS	Sawan Airport	Private
Skardu	OPSD	KDU	Skardu Airport	Public / Military
Sukkur	OPSK	SKZ	Sukkur Airport	Public
Turbat	OPTU	TUK	Turbat International Airport	Public
Zhob	OPZB	PZH	Zhob Airport	Public

There are 20 airports which are otherwise used by other agencies.

City	ICAO	IATA	Airport Name	Usage
Civil Airports
Abbottabad	OPAB	AAW	Abbottabad Airport	Public
Bannu	OPBN	BNP	Bannu Airport	Public
Chashma	OP19		Chashma Airport	Public
Chilas	OPCL	CHB	Chilas Airport	Public
Islamabad / Fateh Jang			New Islamabad International Airport (under construction)	Public
Islamkot			Islamkot International Airport (under construction)	Public
Jacobabad	OPJA	JAG	Jacobabad Airport / Jacobabad Airbase	Public / Military
Jiwani	OPJI	JIW	Jiwani Airport	Public
Khuzdar	OPKH	KDD	Khuzdar Airport	Public
Lahore	OPLH		Walton Airport	Public
Mangla	OPMA	XJM	Mangla Airport	Public / Military
Muzaffarabad	OPMF	MFG	Muzaffarabad Airport	Public
Ormara	OPOR	ORW	Ormara Airport	Public
Parachinar	OPPC	PAJ	Parachinar Airport	Public
Pasni City	OPPI	PSI	Pasni Airport	Public / Military
Rawalakot	OPRT	RAZ	Rawalakot Airport	Public
Saidu Sharif	OPSS	SDT	Saidu Sharif Airport	Public
Sehwan Sharif	OPSN	SYW	Sehwan Sharif Airport	Public
Sibi	OPSB	SBQ	Sibi Airport	Public
Sindhri	OPMP	MPD	Sindhri Airport	Public
Sui	OPSU	SUL	Sui Airport	Public
Tarbela Dam	OPTA	TLB	Tarbela Dam Airport	Public

There are 7 airports which are public as well as military.

City	ICAO	IATA	Airport Name	Usage
Civil Airports
Islamabad / Rawalpindi	OPRN	ISB	Benazir Bhutto International Airport / Chaklala Airbase	Public / Military
Jacobabad	OPJA	JAG	Jacobabad Airport / Jacobabad Airbase	Public / Military
Mangla	OPMA	XJM	Mangla Airport	Public / Military
Pasni City	OPPI	PSI	Pasni Airport	Public / Military
Peshawar	OPPS	PEW	Peshawar International Airport	Public/Military
Quetta	OPQT	UET	Quetta International Airport	Public/Military
Skardu	OPSD	KDU	Skardu Airport	Public / Military

There are 3 Private airports in Pakistan.

City	ICAO	IATA	Airport Name	Usage
Civil Airports
Gujrat	OPGJ	GJT	Gujrat Airport	Private
Kadanwari	OPKW	KCF	Kadanwari Airport	Private
Sawan Gas Field	OPSA	RZS	Sawan Airport	Private